Secondary bruxism: A valid diagnosis or just a coincidental finding of additional masticatory muscle activity? A narrative review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: Bruxism is defined as a repetitive masticatory muscle activity that can manifest it upon awakening (awake bruxism-AB) or during sleep (sleep bruxism-SB). Some forms of both, AB and SB can be associated to many other coexistent factors, considered of risk for the initiation and maintenance of the bruxism. Although controversial, the term 'secondary bruxism' has frequently been used to label these cases. The absence of an adequate definition of bruxism, the non-distinction between the circadian manifestations and the report of many different measurement techniques, however, are important factors to be considered when judging the literature findings. The use (and abuse) of drugs, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and psychoactive substances, the presence of respiratory disorders during sleep, gastroesophageal reflux disorders and movement, neurological and psychiatric disorders are among these factors. The scarcity of controlled studies and the complexity and interactions among all aforementioned factors, unfortunately, does not allow to establish any causality or temporal association with SB and AB. The supposition that variables are related depends on different parameters, not clearly demonstrated in the available studies. OBJECTIVES: This narrative review aims at providing oral health care professionals with an update on the co-risk factors and disorders possibly associated with bruxism. In addition, the authors discuss the appropriateness of the term 'secondary bruxism' as a valid diagnostic category based on the available evidence. CONCLUSION: The absence of an adequate definition of bruxism, the non-distinction between the circadian manifestations and the report of many different measurement techniques found in many studies preclude any solid and convincing conclusion on the existence of the 'secondary' bruxism.

Association of sleep quality and psychological aspects with reports of bruxism and TMD in Brazilian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Dentists are exposed to contamination by SARS-CoV-2 due to dental interventions, leading to a state of alert and potential risk of negative impact in mental health and sleep quality, associated with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and bruxism. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the psychosocial status, sleep quality, symptoms of TMD, and bruxism in Brazilian dentists (DSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: The sample (n=641 DSs) was divided into three groups (quarantined DSs; DSs in outpatient care; and frontline professionals), which answered an electronic form containing the TMD Pain Screening Questionnaire (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders - DC/TMD), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the sleep and awake bruxism questionnaire. ANOVA test and Mann Whitney post-test were used, with Bonferroni adjustment (p<0.016) and a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Probable TMD was found in 24.3% (n=156) of the participants, while possible sleep and awake bruxism were diagnosed in 58% (n=372) and 53.8% (n=345) of them, respectively. Among all variables evaluated, only symptoms of depression were significantly greater in the quarantined DSs group when compared to those who were working at the clinical care (p=0.002). Working DSs were significantly less likely (OR=0.630, p=0.001) to have depressive symptoms. Those who were not worried or less worried about the pandemic were less likely to experience stress (OR=0.360), anxiety (OR=0.255), and poor sleep quality (OR=0.256). Sleep had a strong positive and moderate correlation with psychological factors on frontline workers and DSs in outpatient care, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggest confinement may have a more negative impact on the life of DSs than the act of being actively working. The concern about Covid-19 and poor sleep quality was significantly prevalent and may negatively affect the quality of life of DSs. Thus, further research on the topic is needed.

Association of sleep quality and psychological aspects with reports of bruxism and TMD in Brazilian dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Dentists are exposed to contamination by SARS-CoV-2 due to dental interventions, leading to a state of alert and potential risk of negative impact in mental health and sleep quality, associated with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) and bruxism. Objective: to evaluate the psychosocial status, sleep quality, symptoms of TMD, and bruxism in Brazilian dentists (DSs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The sample (n=641 DSs) was divided into three groups (quarantined DSs; DSs in outpatient care; and frontline professionals), which answered an electronic form containing the TMD Pain Screening Questionnaire (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders - DC/TMD), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the sleep and awake bruxism questionnaire. ANOVA test and Mann Whitney post-test were used, with Bonferroni adjustment (p<0.016) and a 95% confidence level. Results: Probable TMD was found in 24.3% (n=156) of the participants, while possible sleep and awake bruxism were diagnosed in 58% (n=372) and 53.8% (n=345) of them, respectively. Among all variables evaluated, only symptoms of depression were significantly greater in the quarantined DSs group when compared to those who were working at the clinical care (p=0.002). Working DSs were significantly less likely (OR=0.630, p=0.001) to have depressive symptoms. Those who were not worried or less worried about the pandemic were less likely to experience stress (OR=0.360), anxiety (OR=0.255), and poor sleep quality (OR=0.256). Sleep had a strong positive and moderate correlation with psychological factors on frontline workers and DSs in outpatient care, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest confinement may have a more negative impact on the life of DSs than the act of being actively working. The concern about Covid-19 and poor sleep quality was significantly prevalent and may negatively affect the quality of life of DSs. Thus, further research on the topic is needed.

Influence of skin cold sensation threshold in the occurrence of dental sensitivity during dental bleaching: a placebo controlled clinical trial.

This study verified the occurrence of dental sensitivity in patients submitted to a 35% hydrogen peroxide based product (Whiteness HP Maxx 35% - FGM), skin cold sensation threshold (SCST) and its influence on dental sensitivity. Sixty volunteers were divided into 4 groups (n = 15), according to SCST (low: GI and GIII, and high: GII and IV) and bleaching treatment (hydrogen peroxide: GI and GII, and placebo: GIII and GIV). SCST was determined in the inner forearm for 6 different times using a neurosensory analyzer, the TSA II (Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Ramat Yishai, Northern District, Israel). Dental sensitivity measurements were performed 10 different times using a thermal stimulus and an intraoral device attached to TSA II, positioned in the buccal surface of the upper right central incisor. Spontaneous dental sensitivity was also determined using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were submitted to Student's t-test and Pearson's Correlation Test (α=0.05). SCST remained the same during bleaching treatment. Distinct responses of dental sensitivity were found in patients with low and high SCST during the first and third bleaching session (p≤0.05). The teeth submitted to the bleaching treatment became more sensitive to cold than those treated with placebo. Moreover, data obtained with TSA and VAS presented moderate correlation. Bleaching treatment increased dental sensitivity and skin cold sensation threshold might represent a determining factor in this occurrence, since low and high SCST patients had different responses to the thermal stimulus in the teeth.

Influence of skin cold sensation threshold in the occurrence of dental sensitivity during dental bleaching: a placebo controlled clinical trial

Abstract Objective This study verified the occurrence of dental sensitivity in patients submitted to a 35% hydrogen peroxide based product (Whiteness HP Maxx 35% - FGM), skin cold sensation threshold (SCST) and its influence on dental sensitivity. Material and Methods Sixty volunteers were divided into 4 groups (n = 15), according to SCST (low: GI and GIII, and high: GII and IV) and bleaching treatment (hydrogen peroxide: GI and GII, and placebo: GIII and GIV). SCST was determined in the inner forearm for 6 different times using a neurosensory analyzer, the TSA II (Medoc Advanced Medical Systems, Ramat Yishai, Northern District, Israel). Dental sensitivity measurements were performed 10 different times using a thermal stimulus and an intraoral device attached to TSA II, positioned in the buccal surface of the upper right central incisor. Spontaneous dental sensitivity was also determined using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were submitted to Student's t-test and Pearson's Correlation Test (α=0.05). SCST remained the same during bleaching treatment. Results Distinct responses of dental sensitivity were found in patients with low and high SCST during the first and third bleaching session (p≤0.05). The teeth submitted to the bleaching treatment became more sensitive to cold than those treated with placebo. Moreover, data obtained with TSA and VAS presented moderate correlation. Conclusions Bleaching treatment increased dental sensitivity and skin cold sensation threshold might represent a determining factor in this occurrence, since low and high SCST patients had different responses to the thermal stimulus in the teeth.

Diagnostic validity of the use of questionnaires, clinical examination and a portable single-channel electromyography device for sleep Bruxism / Validação do uso de questionários, exame físico e aparelho portátil de eletromiografia para o diagnóstico do bruxismo do sono

O presente trabalho comparou dois métodos de diagnóstico para Bruxismo do Sono (BS): critérios de diagnóstico da Classificação Internacional de Distúrbios do Sono (ICSD-3) e um aparelho portátil com um canal de eletromiografia (EMG) (Grindcare) com o exame padrão ouro, polissonografia (PSG). A comparação com a PSG foi utilizada para determinar valores de corte apropriados e o número de noites necessárias para diagnóstico do BS válido e confiável com o Grindcare. Vinte estudantes da pós graduação e funcionários da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru participaram da amostra. Cada participante se submeteu a entrevista, exame físico, uso do Grindcare por cinco noites consecutivas e exame de PSG. A descriminação entre participantes com e sem bruxismo foi baseado somente na análise da PSG. Dados sobre EMG por hora de uso do Grindcare (EMG/h) e PSG (bursts/h) foram anotados. A validade dos critérios ICSD-3 e do Grindcare foram avaliados pela análise da área sob a curva (ASC) ROC (receiver operating characteristics), razão de probabilidade (RP), razão de possibilidade de diagnóstico (RPD) e análise de Bland-Altman. Os itens do ICSD-3 para BS obtiveram pouca a moderada concordância com o diagnóstico por PSG, com ASC de 0,55 até 0,75. O melhor valor de concordância obtido foi o relato de BS mais do que uma vez na semana associado ao relato de dor transitória na musculatura mastigatória ou fadiga pela manhã com moderada, mas significativa concordância, (ASC=0,75) com especificidade de 90, RP positiva=6 e RPD=13,5. Quando a frequência do relato de BS aumentou para 4 vezes na semana, a combinação do relato com desgaste dentário também apresentou valores altos de concordância com o diagnóstico realizado através de PSG (ASC= 0,75, RP=6, RPD=13,6). A análise de Bland-Altman dos EMG bursts/h mostrou uma concordância positiva entre os resultados do Grindcare e PSG. A análise pela curva ROC também mostrou que, se utilizado o mínimo de 18 EMG/h por 3 noites e 19 EMG/h por 5 noites de uso do Grindcare como valores de corte, a especificidade do teste é de 90% e a RP positiva de 5. Como há considerável heterogeneidade nos resultados, a aplicação dos critérios de diagnóstico da ICSD-3 para BS pode estar limitada. Ainda, o aparelho Grindcare está apto a predizer BS diagnosticado pela PSG, quando utilizado por 3 ou 5 noites consecutivas, e pode ser um recurso válido para a prática clínica.

The presented study intended to compare two methods for assessing Sleep Bruxism (SB): International Classification of Sleep Disorders diagnostic criteria (ICSD-3) and a portable single-channel electromyography (EMG) device (Grindcare) with gold standard polysomnographic (PSG) examination. The comparison with PSG was used to determine an appropriate cut-off value and the number of nights of sleep with the Grindcare device necessary for a valid/reliable SB diagnosis. Twenty consecutive post-graduate students and staff at Bauru School of Dentistry composed the sample. Each participant underwent interview, clinical assessment, the Grindcare for five consecutive nights and a PSG exam. The discrimination between bruxers and non-bruxers was based only on the PSG analysis. Data about electromyography per hour with Grindcare (EMG/h) and PSG (bursts/h) were scored. The validity of ICSD-3 criteria and the Grindcare device were assessed by using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis (AUC), likelihood ratios (LR), the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and Bland-Altman analysis. The ICSD-3 diagnostic criteria items for SB had fair to moderate concordance with PSG diagnosis, with AUC ranging from 0.55 to 0.75. The best value of agreement was obtained by the report of SB more than once a week associated with a report of transient morning jaw muscle pain or fatigue with a moderate, but significant agreement with the PSG SB diagnosis (AUC=0.75) with 90% specificity, positive LR=6 and DOR=13.5. When the frequency of self-reported SB increased to more than 4 times per week, the combination of this finding with tooth wear had also high values of agreement with PSG SB diagnosis (AUC= 0.75, LR=6, DOR=13.6). Bland-Altman analysis of the EMG bursts/h showed positive agreement between Grindcare device and PSG exam. The ROC analyses also showed that using a minimum of 18 EMG/h for 3 nights and 19 EMG/h for 5 nights in Grindcare as cut-offs resulted in a 90% specificity and positive LR equal to 5. Since there is considerable heterogeneity in the results, the application of ICSD-3 for SB clinical diagnosis may be limited. Moreover, the Grindcare is able to predict SB diagnosed by PSG with a reasonable accuracy, when used for 3 or 5 consecutives nights, and it may be a valid choice in clinical practice for SB assessment.

Termo do 1º Consenso em Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial / Statement of the 1st Consensus on Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain

O Termo do 1º Consenso em Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial* foi criado com o propósito de substituir divergências por evidência científica dentro dessa especialidade da Odontologia. O documento oferece informações claras e fundamentadas para orientar o cirurgião-dentista e demais profissionais de saúde sobre os cuidados demandados pelo paciente, tanto no processo de diagnóstico diferencial quanto na fase de aplicação das terapias de controle da dor e disfunção. O Termo foi aprovado no mês de janeiro de 2010 em reunião realizada durante o Congresso Internacional de Odontologia do Estado de São Paulo e converge o pensamento dos profissionais mais conceituados do Brasil na especialidade Disfunção Temporomandibular e Dor Orofacial.

This Statement of the 1st Consensus on Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain was created with the purpose of substituting controversies for scientific evidence within this specialty field of dentistry. The document provides clear and well-grounded guidance to dentists and other health professionals about the care required by patients both in the process of differential diagnosis and during the stage when they undergo treatment to control pain and dysfunction. The Statement was approved in January 2010 at a meeting held during the International Dental Congress of São Paulo and draws together the views of Brazil's most respected professionals in the specialty of Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain.

Relação entre fibromialgia e disfunção temporomandibular - Revisão da literatura / Relationship between fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorder - literature review

Dor muscular na região orofacial pode ser uma expressão de uma síndrome dolorosa generalizada como a fibromialgia. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar os conceitos sobre fibromialgia e enfatizar a relação desta com a disfunção temporomandibular, utilizando, para isso, artigos publicados na literatura. Para se realizar um diagnóstico adequado e um plano de tratamento eficiente, é necessário conhecer os fatores contribuintes, perpetuantes e agravantes da condição presente no paciente. Conclui-se que pesquisas futuras utilizando testes experimentais na busca de uma avaliação precisa entre a disfunção temporomandibular e a fibromialgia devem ser realizadas